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Electromagnetic and Strong Nuclear ‘unification’ in 3D time?
In particle physics we observe ‘Charge Quantisation’. If particles have electric charges they always exhibit a charge of 1.602 x 10-19 coulombs, or occasionally a multiple thereof, the basic charge on the electron or proton.
Now the quarks which seemingly compose baryons (such as the proton) and mesons apparently must carry fractional charges of one third or two thirds of this to account for the various types of observable baryons or mesons, although the quarks themselves remain unobservable individually.
If quarks carry 1/3 or 2/3 fractional electric charges we can still perhaps explain how they hold together as ‘whole’ electric charges using conventional strong nuclear chromodynamic forces based on gluons. However if fractional electric charges underlie the basic quantum of charge then conventional models cannot account for how fractional charges can stick together to form the charge on an electron.
HD8 models electric charge as arising from the spins of quantised units of spacetime along all three axes of time. Thus a quantum of basic electric charge has three more or less inseparable components. Quarks also apparently have a single colour charge but all observable particles manifest as ‘colour neutral’ by having either 3 or +1&-1 configurations. Now in HD8, colour charges also arise from spins of spacetime about the three axes of time, and this seems to allow quarks some kind of quasi-stability as 1 colour / 1 anticharge or one colour / two charge configurations, where colour partially stands in for charge.
However if this model can explain charge quantisation and the existence of colour charge then it throws into question the existence of a ‘colour force’.
Conventional strong nuclear ‘forces’ come in two types, the forces which holds quarks together in baryons and mesons, and the forces which hold the baryon particles the proton and neutron together in atomic nuclei. Unobservable gluons supposedly act as the force carriers for the former whilst the observable mesons such as pions supposedly act as the force carriers for the latter.
Yet in HD8 the geometry of spacetime itself accounts for the charge quantisation, ‘quark confinement’ and the colour neutrality of observable particles. Thus no inter-quark forces need to exist and colour charge merely adds mass to a particle, in a similar way to ‘generational charge’ which merely adds mass without creating an additional force.
However this model still needs to explain the forces between nucleons such as protons and neutrons. This so called ‘residual’ nuclear force actually accounts for the vast energies liberated in nuclear fission and fusion reactions which appear far greater than the energies liberated from the electromagnetic forces underlying chemical reactions.
The electric charges in chemical reactions operate at the distance scales of entire atoms, but if similar charges operate at nuclear distances the forces become immensely stronger as the following calculations show: -
Charge on electron/proton = 1.602 x 10-19 coulombs.
Force between charges, F = kq1q2/r2
Where k = 9 x 109 Nm2/C2
Nucleon radius 1.5 x 10-15m
Hydrogen atom radius 2.5 x 10-10m
Force in hydrogen = 9 x 109 x (1.6 x 10-19)2 / (2.5 x 10-10)2 = 3.68 x 10-9 N
Force at nuclear distances = 9 x 109 x (1.6 x 10-19)2 / (1.5 x 10-15)2 = 102 N
Thus we see that at nuclear distances, electric charges can create the sort of macroscopic forces per particlecharacteristic of nuclear reactions.
Now consider that stable atomic nuclei can only exist with neutrons to somehow moderate the electric repulsions between protons. Consider the electric charges on the constituent quarks of the proton and neutron (here multiplied by 3 to eliminate fractions for convenience, but to preserve ratios.).
Electric charge in proton quarks, uud, 2 2 -1. Electric charge in neutron quarks, udd, 2 -1 -1
Proton +2 +2 -1
Neutron -1 -1 +2
Now we know that protons and neutrons have a finite radius, they do not appear to consist of point particles like leptons as they have internal components which we call quarks. If these quarks have some mobility within the nucleons then the nucleons can exhibit a dipole moment resulting from a degree of charge separation. The majority of the possible configurations of dipole moments between various arrangements of the above charges give a markedly attractive effect which can easily explain the so called ‘residual’ strong nuclear forces.
In conclusion, whilst nucleon electric dipole moments can perhaps explain the strength of nuclear energy, the explanation of charge quantisation, quark confinement and colour neutrality purely in terms of the structure of a spacetime metric with 3 dimensions of time seems the most interesting result.
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Hi, Yog-Sothoth here again...
With a bit more on those pesky quarks...
Consider the flowing data in support of the idea that within baryons, u quarks may consist of superpositions of various amounts of u, c, and t quarks, and particularly that d quarks may consist of superpositions of various amounts of d, s, and b quarks. This idea offers an alternative to the conventional idea of attributing virtually all of the mass of the proton and neutron, and hence of virtually all matter, to gluons.
Free Quark Masses, in MeV.
u = 1.7 – 3.1 c = 1290 t = 173,000
d = 4.1 – 5.7 s = 100 b = 4,190
Baryon Masses, in MeV.
Proton = (uud) 938 Neutron = (ddu) 939
One Strange. uds = 1115 uds = 1192 dds = 1197 uus = 1189
Two Strange. uss = 1314 dss = 1321
One Charm. udc = 2286 udc = 2452 uuc = 2454 ddc = 2453
One Strange, One Charm. usc = 2467 usc = 2575 dsc = 2470
Two Strange, One Charm. ssc 2695
Two Charm. dcc 3581
One Bottom. udb = 5620 uub = 5807 ddb = 5815* (*bottom sigma)
One Strange, One Bottom. dsb = 5790* (*bottom xi)
Two Strange, One Bottom. ssb = 6165
Baryons apparently non-existing. usb, ucb, anything containing a t.
Observations.
1) The replacement of a d quark by a HEAVIER s quark changes a Bottom Sigma into a LIGHTER Bottom Xi, whereas one might have expected a considerably heavier one.
2) We should perhaps not expect baryons to contain t quarks because of their exceptional energy, nevertheless only the dsb Bottom Xi carries a quark of each generation.
3) We observe the ssb but not the usb or the ucb.
4) The dsb Bottom Xi thus appears to exhibit an unusual stability in the form of a lower energy.
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Firstly, Hail Dave!
Prime Minister UK, David Cameron, who has always seemed like a decent sort of chap and done nothing stupid so far, displays both statesmanship and tactical genius with his EU referendum proposals.
Vote for me and I’ll try and negotiate a more sensible deal with the EU and then we’ll have a referendum on the results.
He says he will campaign to keep us in, but of course he has left himself room and reason to change his mind if we don’t get a sensible deal.
He has wrong-footed the continental euro-federalists, for other nations will plainly join us in demands for reform.
So Britain can now either put the EU right or leave it. Splendid.
Cameron has also taken the wind out of UKIP’s sails for the time being. They have done a fair job of forcing this matter into the open, but they will probably always remain essentially a pressure group. Nevertheless I hope they stay in the game to prevent any backsliding on the renegotiation and the referendum.
The leaders of the illiberal dimocrats and the dreary spendthrift labour party don’t seem to have anything of substance to respond with. They effortlessly confirm their caricatures as a pair of whingeing twerps perhaps better employed as sociology lecturers at some obscure polytechnic.
We could end up with an EU that reverts to its original writ, as a free trade zone, in which case we should stay in it; or we could end up with an EU that develops into a full blown Non-Democratic Synarchist Totalitarianism, in which case we should not only leave it but also strive to destroy it.
In the meantime we need to prevent the vast influx of Bulgarians and Romanians into the UK that EU rules will allow next year. I’m sure they are all delightful people, but our housing stock, our benefits system, and our labour market cannot accommodate them. Neither can those countries afford to loose a whole generation of their younger, more mobile and ambitious people.
Secondly, a Poem. Two years into Bardic studies and rhyme and rhythm still elude me, but here goes anyway……….
Snow
I awoke a bit early, it seemed strangely bright
And quiet, so quiet, an odd muted hush
Its happened its happened
I can hardly believe it
The ground seemed too warm the previous evening
But my gardens become a fantasy scene
And I feel like a child again
Sparkeling whiteness and patches of gloom
Brightness vies with the shadows of doom
It looks so fragile in its parts
Yet so awesome in its extent
Blanketing the lawns, the sheds, the car
All up the trees, over the hills and far away
Its eight miles to work and I don’t have to go
What the heck, any excuse to go and see this
On Henbury Hill I begin to have doubts
Its cold with a full facial blizzard
Vehicles aslew and abandoned
Driver’s curses and screaming engines
Made soft whispers by the whiteness
Falcondale oh Falcondale
Thy slopes make mockery of transport
Shadenfreude, I have good boots
But they have lousy tyres
They slip and they skid
And they bash their panels and lights
Residents set up tripods and cameras
To immortalise the folly forever
Then up on the Downs its so very pretty
When its all black and white
You notice the things you didn’t before
And the pavements are full for once
With chatty people and their children
Saying hello and helping each other
Its Blitz Spirit time
And we’re all having fun
Then down by the uni
Post modernist snowmen
Traditional snowball fights
Then down Christmas steps
We cling to the shopfronts
‘Gainst treacherous slush and the ice
It feels like holiday at work
We few, we happy few, that made it in
Getting home was a bastard
Uphill in now greying mush
But the weekend awaits
A walk in the woods on Saturday morn
My dog seems perplexed
Maybe stuff looses its smell under snow
But the woods look pure magic now
Stark trees hold impossible burdens
With patient sombre dignity
In the cold still air
Even the birdsong goes strangely quiet
White silence pervades like holiness.
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Liber Pactionis, my original founding document of the Pact lies in the public domain as does its sucessor document 'The Book'. Thus I place this document in the public domain also, even though by doing so I effectively Excommunicate myself from my old order, so don't bother trying to discuss it with me, discuss it amongst yourselves, for reform seems long overdue. Choyofaque, Stokastikos.
Pact Structural Reform, some ideas for a ‘Liber Pactionis 2’.
Rationale. ‘Liber Pactionis’, the founding document of The Magical Pact of the Illuminates of Thanateros contained some necessary compromises to allow an order to spring half formed across several continents from little more than a small temple in Britain and a couple of seminar meetings in Germany. The minor adjustments to structure introduced in ‘The Book’ do not seem sufficient to support a mature, vibrant, and expanding international order. See this paper:
http://www.specularium.org/index.php?option=com_blog&view=comments&pid=78&Itemid=137
In my view the Pact now needs to clearly define what its Magical Grades mean so that members can progress thought them and value them (I offer some suggestions below on how we could define them.) To do this the Pact would need to separate the Magical Grades from the Administrative Grades which should be open to election. This would give all members a chance to work towards all of the Magical Grades.
The Proposed Grade and Membership Reforms fit on a single page and consist of a proposals for the separation of Administrative Grades (mandated by Election) and Magical Grades (recognised by Peer approval).
Provisional draft of revisions for a new ‘Liber Pactionis 2’ document.
Administrative Gradesall remain subject to Election by electoral colleges of active members (of initiate or higher grade) at appropriate local or national or international level. Members may hold more than one position.
1) Grandmaster. International coordination and administration. Chairperson of Council of International Section Heads.
2) General Secretaries to the Grandmaster. International communications and publications and administration.
(2b) Past Grandmaster(s). Offer consultancy and continue to promote the order in their works.
3) National Section Heads. Supervise national sections.
4) Magister Templi of local temples. Run local temples.
5) Insubordinates to Magister Templi. Secretary and critic to MT.
Magical Grades.All subject to admission by Peer Review by committees of those holding that grade or higher grade.
Establish the principle that a Magical Grade means Personal Work in Progress.
(Novice), cancel this grade as a superfluous obstruction.
4.Neophyte. MMM under a Mentor. Admission to temples and meetings lies at the discretion of Mentor and Magister Templi.
3.Initiate. Participation at Temple. Learn some set rituals, including The Mass of Chaos B, and lead them. Work through Liber KKK, or similar.
2.Adept. Further temple work. Work with all 8 planetary Magics, either privately or in temple and show records of it. Work on an agreed project which could include Priest/Priestess of Chaos or similar. Write up an original ritual and a piece on some aspect of magic and publish it somewhere, if only to colleagues. Mentor a Neophyte.
1.Magus. Work on Projects and Quests and activities which the Magus should periodically discuss with other Magi. The Order expects its Magi to Teach, to do Research, and to promote the Great Work of Magic.
(0.Ipsissimus. Normally left vacant as an aspiration, possibly awarded posthumously.)
(Elder), cancel this grade as superfluous. If people want to partially retire they can do. If organisers of events want to invite them to events they can do.
Notes.
I would welcome comments on exactly what work should constitute the work of the Magical Grades, if anything a toughening of the specifications seems desirable.
I shall continue to argue against the idea that the work of the grades should remain very loosely defined, or largely defined by administrative responsibilities, for I consider this the main structural weakness of the IOT.
Nevertheless it obviously remains desirable that higher administrative positions go to members with higher magical grades.
I would recommend that members holding grades that do not come up to the requirements that may become agreed, hold on to that grade for a period of one year to give them time to rectify the deficiency, or else consider dropping a degree.
I see my own role as that of Past Grandmaster, offering consultancy and continuing to promote the order in my works. I would like to offer myself for election to this post. I may even consider taking up invitations to attend Pact events if, and only if, suitable reforms become implemented.
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Oops the universe appears to contain something too big, in apparent violation of the Cosmological Principle that it should appear homogenous at this scale.
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/01/130111092539.htm
I don't think standard cosmology has got the size far wrong but it has got the time wrong, in Vorticitating Hypersphere Cosmology time appears 'Finite and Unbounded', and thus effectively unlimited, despite the temporal horizon, thus allowing such structures as the above to form.